What is Artificial Intelligence ? past, present and future scope of AI ?
What is Artificial Intelligence?
Artificial Intelligence is a section of informatics that studies the possibility of providing reasonable reasoning and actions with the help of computer systems and other artificial devices. In most cases, the algorithm for solving the problem is unknown in advance.
Artificial intelligence is designed to expand the capabilities of computer science, rather than determine their boundaries. One of the important tasks facing the researchers is the maintenance of these efforts by clear theoretical principles.
History of Artificial Intelligence:
There is no clear interpretation of the concept as “artificial intelligence” (AI) since different languages and cultures have their own semantic nuances. According to the most popular variant, this is the technology of creating machines that can perform intellectual tasks.
The history of AI dates back to 1950, when the computer expert Alan Turing published the article “Computing Machining and Intelligence” in Mind magazine. In the article, Turing predicted that by the year 2000 machine thinking will appear.
The author himself is more known in connection with the so-called Turing test, the standard interpretation of which reads as follows: “A person interacts with one computer and one person. Based on the answers to the questions, he must determine who he is talking to: a person or a computer program. The undertaking of any program to deceive a man, compelling him to settle on the wrong decision. ” as such, if a program can deceive a man, then it can be considered AI.
One of the AI pioneers, Herbert Simon, in 1965 wrote that in 20 years the machines would learn to do any kind of human work.
However, in the mid-1970s, research on AI was virtually halted. The period of regression has come, financing has decreased, in the scientific environment the theme of AI has ceased to be fashionable.
In the mid-1980s, interest in AI greatly increased. This was due to increased funding from the Pentagon. Also, Japan began to create a supercomputer.
In 1997, AI came to a new level when the supercomputer Deep Blue won chess with current world champion Garry Kasparov. The latter recalled that he really felt the presence of an alien intelligence on the other side of the chessboard.
At the moment, many countries, including Russia, are conducting research on the creation of AI. In this race, transnational corporations take part.
According to many experts, AI with a 50% probability will be created by 2050, with a probability of 90% – by 2090. At the moment, its level corresponds to the intellect of the beetle. After a while, the intellect will be created close to the mouse. And then scientists will get to the level of man.
Naturally, having created an intellect equal to a person, progress will not stop there. Somewhere after 30-50 years after the creation of the AI, a supermind will be opened, which by characteristics will exceed a person hundreds and thousands of times.
How does artificial intelligence work?
It is interesting that the great minds of the modern world still can not say exactly how AI works. According to generally accepted ideas, “artificial intelligence” is directly associated with human thinking, but at the same time, science has not yet been able to fully understand what is thinking and real intelligence. One of the most promising areas for development at the moment is the creation of applied neural networks.
Systems of artificial intelligence:
INS (artificial neural network) is a mathematical model that operates on the principle of biological neurons, which are connected in a single system. The principle of their work is based on creating a link between several processed elements. At the input, the neuron receives a large number of signals, it analyzes them using weighty coefficients and forming a signal arriving at another participant in the chain. The creation of artificial intelligence based on neural communication occurred back in 1958. INS are capable of self-learning.
Recently, more popular neuro-expert systems, the basis of which is a huge knowledge base includes numerous information and methods that are used to solve established tasks. In addition, the system has a self-learning algorithm based on the received data. Great importance in it has an interface.
PROS and CONS of artificial intelligence:
Opinions about artificial intelligence are very different. And although it is commonly believed that it will bring us an imminent death, hundreds of scientists around the world do not stop trying to invent it.
To better understand the prospects of artificial intelligence, you need to understand its PROS and CONS. Let’s start with the first, and they include:
PROS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
The first one is learning. Artificial intelligence is the best suited for various kinds of mechanical activity. The study of outer space, the depths of the ocean or the earth’s core is not suitable either for humans or for ordinary machines. Intellect, in turn, can adjust to the situation without the threat of harm to health. Any experiments using artificial intelligence will occur much cheaper and faster than what a human being can do.
The second one is work. Now, no production of the world is fully automatic, because the machine is not capable of evaluating the result of its actions. An artificial mind can not easily manage hundreds of plants around the world, simultaneously without stopping and resting, but also to check the quality assessment. This will make the production cheaper at times. It will also be possible to establish work in harmful and dangerous facilities, where the mortality and traumatic danger are high.
CONS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
The first one is failures. Putting a lot of complex tasks on artificial intelligence, we should not forget that any machine can fail. A small error in the calculations can snowball a huge number of consecutive problems. It can also lead to the loss of important data to be processed by the machine. After all, it will monitor most operations and databases.
The second one is the confrontation. Continuous improvement of logical processes can isolate artificial intelligence from humanity. The aggressive impact of even one state in its own interests can cause dangerous and unpredictable consequences. What will happen if the global modern machine starts acting in its own interests? It is only necessary for artificial intelligence to decide that man is a threat or a hindrance, as extinction of people will only be a matter of time. Control of all productions and devices puts a person in the face of a potential threat.
The third one is replacement. As artificial intelligence begins to replace a person in various spheres, more and more people will remain unemployed. Factory production, the basis of employment in a huge number of places, and this is not the limit. The degree of substitution of human labor for robotic intelligence is still difficult to imagine, but the consequences are unlikely to be in favor of ordinary people. And even if everything remains to be won, the blissful idleness of blissful existence can be even greater harm.
Application of artificial intelligence:
AI is used in various areas where it is necessary to optimize information and its search, improve the quality of products and the production process. In fact, the list can be continued for a long time and it is constantly expanding. There are several basic areas where it is useful to develop AI:
Creation of systems that imitate the results of human thinking, reasoning, emotions and so on.
Artificial intelligence technologies do not imitate the person himself, but the behavior of biological neural networks and evolutionary processes in nature.
Artificial Intelligence in Medicine:
Unfortunately, modern medicine desires better. It is often difficult for physicians to make an accurate diagnosis, for example, when there is not enough practice or a specific case is far from professional experience. In this situation, artificial intelligence will help, which has the ability to analyze a huge number of disease stories, scan the literature on the topic and take into account much other important information. As a result, a diagnosis will be made and an optimal treatment plan proposed.
The definition of artificial intelligence includes the fact that the machine can take into account the genetic characteristics of the patient, the history of previous diseases and so on. At the current stage of development, AI will not be able to replace the doctor completely, but to become an important assistant to him feasibly, thus increasing the effectiveness of treatment.
In addition to clinical practice, artificial intelligence is used in the implementation of various studies, for example, to check whether medications are compatible with each other or to analyze the genetic code.
Artificial intelligence in business:
Different technologies are used to minimize costs and increase revenues, and to optimize work processes. The most common methods of artificial intelligence in business:
Creation of personal recommendations, that is, companies can find out what services the client will need to increase sales and effectiveness of advertising.
Increasing the efficiency of shops, that is, AI chooses the best place to open new points, develops an assortment of taking into account the needs of the residents of the district and so on.
Optimization of technical support work, that is, the client interacts with artificial intelligence and it helps to find the nearest store, make simple operations with the card and get individual discounts
Optimization of production in the industry, for example, for the correct consumption of raw materials, the selection of the optimal set of devices and so on.
The development of artificial intelligence:
There are many areas where AI can apply, so a lot of developments are underway, consider some of them:
Unique functions of artificial intelligence are used to create robots that can lie. They are planned to be used for military purposes as ammunition guards.
Robots will perform the duties of domestic helpers and even lovers, who can be bought in a sex shop.
Some scientists believe that in 2030, nanobots will be implanted in the human brain, which will make people godlike.
The future of artificial intelligence:
It is very likely that areas in which the universal intelligence of the human level is not needed will reach maturity and produce reliable high-quality products in the next decade. Efforts to improve quality and expand boundaries for text and video understanding systems, and to give home robots greater reliability and overall utility, will lead to systems of common sense linking learning and action together in all these modalities.
Special systems for the acquisition and organization of scientific knowledge, as well as for working with complex hypotheses, are likely to greatly affect molecular biology, system biology and medicine. We should start looking for similar influences in the social sciences and policy making.
Especially given the massive growth of machine-readable data on human activities and the need for machines that understand human values if such machines are reliable and useful. Public and private sources of knowledge (systems that know and draw conclusions about the real world, and not just store data) will become part of society.
If earlier AI developers were trying to create a machine that could perform tasks independently, at the moment the situation has changed and the goal that is put before artificial intelligence is to help a person in various matters.
Thanks to the modern approach, artificial intelligence starts to simplify and improve various processes, for example, in Western countries the robot conducts primary medical diagnostics on the basis of dialogue with the patient and his analyzes.
Another promising sphere is the prediction and even some manipulation of human behavior in advertising systems.
You can expect an increase in the quality of the work of search engines and machine translation. This will be possible due to the fact that the computer will begin to understand and analyze the meaning of the text.
